Family Dollar 1200 North 7th Street Kansas City Kansas
Dennis Rader | |
---|---|
Built-in | Dennis Lynn Rader (1945-03-09) March 9, 1945 Kansas, U.S. |
Other names | BTK, BTK Killer, BTK Strangler |
Education | Butler County Community College (associates) Wichita State University (bachelors) |
Criminal status | Incarcerated[1] |
Spouse(s) | Paula Dietz (m. 1971; div. 2005) |
Children | 2 |
Motive | Sexual sadism |
Conviction(s) | Murder, in the commencement caste – x counts[2] |
Criminal penalty | Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for 175 years (10 consecutive life sentences) |
Details | |
Victims | 10 |
Span of crimes | January 15, 1974 – January 19, 1991 |
State | U.s. |
Land(s) | Kansas |
Date apprehended | February 25, 2005 |
Imprisoned at | El Dorado Correctional Facility[2] |
Military career | |
Fidelity | United states of america |
Service/ | United States Air Forcefulness |
Years of service | 1966–lxx |
Rank | Staff Sergeant[iii] |
Awards |
|
Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945) is an American series killer known as BTK (an abbreviation he gave himself, for "bind, torture, kill"), the BTK Strangler or the BTK Killer. Between 1974 and 1991, Rader killed ten people in Wichita and Park City, Kansas, and sent taunting letters to police and newspapers describing the details of his crimes.[4] [v] [six] Subsequently a decade-long hiatus, Rader resumed sending letters in 2004, leading to his 2005 abort and subsequent guilty plea. He is serving 10 sequent life sentences at El Dorado Correctional Facility in Prospect Township, Butler County, Kansas.[one]
Life and background [edit]
Rader was born on March 9, 1945, to Dorothea Mae Rader (née Cook) and William Elvin Rader, one of four sons. His brothers are Paul, Bill, and Jeff Rader.[7] [8] Sources give Rader'due south place of birth every bit either Columbus, Kansas[nine] [x] or Pittsburg, Kansas.[11] He grew up in Wichita. Both parents worked long hours and paid niggling attention to their children at abode; Rader afterwards described feeling ignored by his female parent in particular and resenting her for it.[12]
From a young historic period, Rader harbored sadistic sexual fantasies almost torturing "trapped and helpless" women.[12] [13] He also exhibited zoosadism by torturing, killing, and hanging pocket-size animals.[14] [15] Rader acted out sexual fetishes for voyeurism, autoerotic asphyxiation, and cantankerous-dressing; he frequently spied on female neighbors while dressed in women's habiliment, including women'due south underwear that he had stolen, and masturbated with ropes or other bindings effectually his arms and cervix.[sixteen]
Years later, during his "cooling off" periods between murders, Rader would accept pictures of himself wearing women'south clothes and a female mask while leap. He later admitted that he was pretending to be his victims equally part of a sexual fantasy.[17] Yet, Rader kept his sexual proclivities well-hidden, and he was widely regarded in his community as "normal", "polite", and "well mannered".[xv]
Rader attended Kansas Wesleyan Academy after high school, merely received mediocre grades and dropped out after one year. He served in the United States Air Force from 1966 to 1970.[eighteen] Upon discharge, he moved to Park Urban center (a suburb of Wichita, KS), where he worked in the meat department of a Leekers IGA supermarket where his mother was a bookkeeper.[19] Rader married Paula Dietz on May 22, 1971, and they had two children, Kerri and Brian.[xx] [21] He attended Butler County Community Higher in El Dorado, earning an associate degree in electronics in 1973.[22] He then enrolled at Wichita Country University, and graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science caste, majoring in Administration of Justice.
Rader initially worked as an assembler for the Coleman Company, an outdoor supply company. He worked at the Wichita-based office of ADT Security Services from 1974 to 1988, where he installed security alarms as part of his job, in many cases for homeowners concerned about the BTK killings.[20] [23] Rader was a census field operations supervisor for the Wichita expanse in 1989, before the 1990 federal demography.[24]
In May 1991, Rader became a dogcatcher and compliance officeholder in Park City.[20] [25] [26] [27] In this position, neighbors recalled him as beingness sometimes overzealous and extremely strict, as well equally taking special pleasure in bullying and harassing single women.[28] 1 neighbour complained that Rader killed her canis familiaris for no reason.[29]
Rader was a fellow member of Christ Lutheran Church building in Wichita and had been elected president of the church building council.[20] [xxx] He was also a Cub Scout leader.[20] On July 26, 2005, later on Rader'due south arrest, his wife was granted an "emergency divorce" (waiving the normal waiting period).[21] [31] In an interview with ABC News in 2019, Rader's daughter Kerri said she still writes to her father and has at present forgiven him, but still struggles to reconcile him with the BTK killer, stating her childhood seemed normal and they were a "normal American family unit".[32]
Case history [edit]
Murders [edit]
On January xv, 1974, iv members of the Otero family unit were murdered in Wichita, Kansas.[33] The victims were Joseph Otero, age 38; Julie Otero, age 33; Joseph Otero Jr., historic period 9; and Josephine Otero, age eleven. Their bodies were discovered past the family's three older children, Charlie, Danny, and Carmen, who had been at school at the time of the killings.[33] [34] After his 2005 arrest, Rader confessed to killing the Otero family.[35] Rader wrote a letter that had been stashed within an technology book in the Wichita Public Library in Oct 1974, which described in item the killing of the Otero family in January of that year.[24]
Betwixt the spring of 1974 and winter 1977, Rader killed 3 more women: Kathryn Vivid (Apr 4, 1974), Shirley Vian Relford (March 17, 1977), and Nancy Play tricks (December 8, 1977).[36] In early 1978, he sent another letter to television station KAKE in Wichita, claiming responsibility for the murders of the Oteros, Bright, Vian Relford, and Trick.[24] He suggested many possible names for himself, including the one that stuck: BTK. He demanded media attention in this second letter, and it was finally announced that Wichita did indeed have a series killer at large. A poem was enclosed titled "Oh! Death to Nancy," a parody of the lyrics to the American folk song "O Death".[37] [38] In the letter, he claimed to exist driven to impale by "factor 10", which he characterized as a supernatural element that also motivated Jack the Ripper, the Son of Sam, and the Hillside Strangler murders.[39]
He too intended to kill others, such equally Anna Williams, who in 1979, aged 63, escaped death by returning home much after than expected. Rader explained during his confession that he became obsessed with Williams and was "admittedly livid" when she evaded him. He spent hours waiting at her home just became impatient and left when she did not render dwelling from visiting friends.[40]
Marine Hedge, anile 53, was found on May 5, 1985, at E 53rd Street North betwixt North Webb Road and North Greenwich Road in Wichita. Rader killed her on April 27, and took her dead trunk to his church, Christ Lutheran Church, where he was the president of the church council. There, he photographed her body in various bondage positions. Rader had previously stored blackness plastic sheets and other materials at the church building in grooming for the murder and then afterwards dumped the torso in a remote ditch. He had chosen his programme "Projection Cookie".[41]
In 1988, subsequently the murders of three members of the Fager family in Wichita, a letter was received from someone claiming to be the BTK killer, in which the author of the letter denied existence the perpetrator of the Fager murders. The writer credited the killer with having done "admirable work." Information technology was not proven until 2005 that this alphabetic character was, in fact, written by Rader. He is not considered by police to have committed this crime.[38]
Two women that Rader stalked in the 1980s and one that he stalked in the mid-1990s filed restraining orders confronting him. One of them also changed her address to avert him.[42]
His final victim, Dolores E. Davis, was found on February 1, 1991, at West 117th Street North and Northward Pinnacle Street in Park City. Rader killed her on Jan 19.[43]
Common cold example [edit]
By 2004, the investigation of the BTK Killer was considered a common cold case. And then, Rader initiated a series of xi communications to the local media. This activeness led directly to his arrest in February 2005.
In March 2004, The Wichita Eagle received a letter of the alphabet from someone using the proper noun Bill Thomas Killman. The author of the letter claimed that he had murdered Vicki Wegerle on September 16, 1986, and enclosed photographs of the criminal offense scene and a photocopy of her driver'southward license, which had been stolen at the time of the law-breaking.[44] Before this, information technology had not been definitively established that Wegerle was killed by BTK.[44] Dna collected from under Wegerle's fingernails provided law with previously unknown evidence. They then began Deoxyribonucleic acid testing hundreds of men in an effort to find the serial killer.[45] Altogether, over one,300 Dna samples were taken and later on destroyed past court order.[46]
In May 2004, television station KAKE in Wichita received a alphabetic character with chapter headings for the "BTK Story", fake IDs, and a word puzzle.[nineteen] On June ix, a package was establish taped to a stop sign at the corner of Start and Kansas roads in Wichita. It had graphic descriptions of the Otero murders and a sketch labeled "The Sexual Thrill Is My Beak."[47] Also enclosed was a affiliate listing for a proposed book titled The BTK Story, which mimicked a story written in 1999 by Courtroom Television receiver crime writer David Lohr. Chapter One was titled "A Serial Killer Is Built-in." In July, a bundle dropped into the return slot at a public library contained more than bizarre material, including the claim that he was responsible for the death of 19-twelvemonth-old Jake Allen in Argonia, Kansas, earlier that month. This claim was fake, and the decease was ruled a suicide.[48]
Later on his capture, Rader admitted in his interrogation that he had been planning to kill over again and he had prepare a date, October 2004, and was stalking his intended victim.[42] In October 2004, a manila envelope was dropped into a UPS box in Wichita. It had many cards with images of terror and bondage of children pasted on them, a poem threatening the life of lead investigator Lt. Ken Landwehr, and a imitation autobiography with many details virtually Rader's life. These details were later released to the public.[49] In December 2004, Wichita police received another parcel from the BTK killer.[l] This fourth dimension, the package was found in Wichita'south Murdock Park. It had the driver's license of Nancy Play a joke on, which was noted as stolen from the criminal offense scene, every bit well as a doll that was symbolically leap at the hands and feet, and had a plastic pocketbook tied over its head.[48]
In January 2005, Rader attempted to leave a cereal box in the bed of a pickup truck at a Home Depot in Wichita, but the box was discarded by the truck'due south owner. It was later retrieved from the trash subsequently Rader asked what had become of it in a subsequently message. Surveillance tape of the parking lot from that date revealed a distant figure driving a black Jeep Cherokee leaving the box in the pickup. In February 2005, more postcards were sent to KAKE, and another cereal box left at a rural location was found to contain another bound doll.[51]
In his messages to police, Rader asked if his writings, if put on a floppy disk, could be traced or not. The police answered his question in a newspaper advertizement posted in the Wichita Hawkeye maxim it would be rubber to use the disk. On February 16, 2005, Rader sent a purple ane.44-Megabyte Memorex floppy deejay to Fox chapter KSAS-TV in Wichita.[52] [53] Also enclosed were a letter, a gold-colored necklace with a large medallion, and a photocopy of the comprehend of Rules of Prey, a 1989 novel by John Sandford about a serial killer.[53]
Police found metadata embedded in a deleted Microsoft Give-and-take document that was, unknown to Rader, yet stored on the floppy deejay.[54] The metadata contained the words "Christ Lutheran Church building", and the document was marked every bit terminal modified by "Dennis".[55] An Net search determined that a "Dennis Rader" was president of the church council.[52] When investigators drove by Rader's house, a blackness Jeep Cherokee—the blazon of vehicle seen in the Home Depot surveillance footage—was parked outside.[56] This was potent circumstantial bear witness against Rader, simply they needed more direct evidence to detain him.[57]
Police obtained a warrant to test a pap smear taken from Rader'southward daughter at the Kansas Country University medical clinic. DNA tests showed a "familial lucifer" between the pap smear and the sample from Wegerle's fingernails; this indicated that the killer was closely related to Rader'south daughter, and combined with the other show was enough for police force to arrest Rader.[58]
Arrest [edit]
Rader was arrested while driving near his home in Park City soon after noon on Feb 25, 2005.[59] An officer asked, "Mr. Rader, do you know why you lot're going downtown?" Rader replied, "Oh, I have suspicions why."[60] [61] Wichita Police, the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the FBI, and ATF agents searched Rader's home and vehicle, seizing evidence including estimator equipment, a pair of black pantyhose retrieved from a shed, and a cylindrical container. The church building he attended, his office at City Hall, and the main branch of the Park Metropolis library were also searched. At a printing conference the adjacent morning, Wichita Police Chief Norman Williams appear, "the bottom line: BTK is arrested."[62] [63]
Legal proceedings [edit]
On February 28, 2005, Rader was charged with 10 counts of first degree murder.[64] Presently after his arrest, the Associated Printing cited an anonymous source alleging that Rader had confessed to other murders in addition to those with which he had been connected.[65] However, the Sedgwick County commune attorney denied the story, notwithstanding refused to say whether Rader had fabricated any confessions, or if investigators were looking into Rader's possible involvement in more unsolved killings.[66] On March 5, news sources claimed to have verified past multiple sources that Rader had confessed to the 10 murders he was charged with, but no other ones.[67]
On March 1, Rader'south bail was set at US$x million, and a public defender was appointed to represent him.[68] On May 3, the estimate entered not guilty pleas on Rader's behalf, as Rader did not speak at his arraignment;[69] however, on June 27, the scheduled trial date, Rader changed his plea to guilty. He described the murders in particular, and made no apologies.[70] [71] [72]
At Rader's August eighteen sentencing, victims' families made statements, afterwards which Rader apologized in a rambling thirty-minute monologue that the prosecutor likened to an Academy Awards credence speech communication.[73] His statement has been described every bit an case of an often-observed phenomenon among psychopaths: their inability to sympathise the emotional content of language.[74] He was sentenced to x sequent life sentences, with a minimum of 175 years.[75] Kansas had no death sentence at the time of the murders.[73] On Baronial 19, he was moved to the El Dorado Correctional Facility.[76]
Rader talked about innocuous topics such as the weather during the 40-minute drive to El Dorado, simply began to weep when the victims' families' statements from the courtroom proceedings came on the radio. He is at present in lone confinement for his protection (with one hour of exercise per day, and showers iii times per calendar week). This volition likely continue indefinitely. Starting time in 2006, he was immune admission to television and radio, to read magazines, and other privileges for good behavior.[76] [77]
Further investigations [edit]
Following Rader's abort, police in Wichita, Park City and several surrounding cities looked into unsolved cases with the cooperation of the land police and the FBI. They peculiarly focused on cases later 1994, when the death penalty was reinstated in Kansas. Police in surrounding states such every bit Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado, Oklahoma and Texas likewise investigated cold cases that fit Rader's blueprint to some extent. The FBI, and local jurisdictions at Rader'due south former duty stations checked into unsolved cases during Rader's time in the service.
Afterward exhaustive investigations, none of these agencies discovered whatever further murders attributable to Rader, confirming early on suspicions that Rader would have taken credit for any boosted murders that he had committed. The ten known murders are now believed to be the only murders for which Rader is really responsible, although Wichita police are fairly certain that Rader stalked and researched a number of other potential victims. This includes i person who was saved when Rader called off his planned assault upon his inflow about the target's home due to the presence of construction and route crews nearby. Rader stated in his police interview that "there are a lot of lucky people", meaning that he had idea almost and developed various levels of murder plans for other victims.[22]
Evaluation by Robert Mendoza [edit]
Massachusetts psychologist Robert Mendoza was hired by Rader's courtroom-appointed public defenders to bear a psychological evaluation of Rader, and determine if an insanity-based defense might exist viable. He conducted an interview afterward Rader pleaded guilty on June 27, 2005. Mendoza diagnosed Rader with egotistic, hating and obsessive–compulsive personality disorders: He observed that Rader has a grandiose sense of cocky, a belief that he is "special" and therefore entitled to special handling; a pathological need for attention and admiration; a preoccupation with maintaining rigid order and structure; and a complete lack of empathy.[78]
NBC claimed Rader knew the interview might be televised, only this was false according to the Sedgwick County Sheriff's Office. Rader mentioned the interview during his sentencing statement. On October 25, 2005, the Kansas attorney full general filed a petition to sue Mendoza and Tali Waters, co-owners of Cambridge Forensic Consultants, LLC, for alienation of contract, challenge that they intended to benefit financially from the employ of information obtained through involvement in Rader's defense. On May 10, 2007, Mendoza settled the case for Usa$xxx,000 with no admission of wrongdoing.[79]
Victims [edit]
Name | Sex | Age | Date of Death | Place of Death | Crusade of Death | Weapon Used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph Otero | G | 39 | January 15, 1974 | 803 N. Edgemoor Street, Wichita | Suffocated | Plastic bag |
Julia Maria Otero | F | 33 | Strangled | Rope | ||
Joseph Otero, Jr. | M | nine | Suffocated | Plastic bag | ||
Josephine Otero | F | eleven | Hanged | Rope | ||
Kathryn Doreen Vivid | F | 21 | Apr iv, 1974 | 3217 E. 13th Street N., Wichita (died at Wesley Medical Center) | Stabbed 3 times in belly[80] | Pocketknife |
Shirley Ruth Vian Relford | F | 24 | March 17, 1977 | 1311 S. Hydraulic Street, Wichita | Strangled | Rope |
Nancy Jo Fox | F | 25 | December 8, 1977 | 843 S. Pershing Street, Wichita | Strangled | Belt |
Marine Wallace Hedge | F | 53 | April 27, 1985 | 6254 N. Independence Street, Park City | Strangled | Hand(s) |
Vicki Lynn Wegerle | F | 28 | September sixteen, 1986 | 2404 West. 13th Street N., Wichita | Strangled | Nylon stocking |
Dolores Earline Johnson Davis | F | 62 | Jan xix, 1991 | 6226 N. Hillside Street, Wichita (east of Park City) | Strangled | Pantyhose |
In media [edit]
Forensic psychologist Katherine Ramsland compiled Confession of a Serial Killer from her five-twelvemonth correspondence with Rader.[81]
Multiple works draw on the case:
- Stephen King has said his novella A Good Marriage, and the film based on it, were inspired past the BTK killer;[82]
- Novelist Thomas Harris has said that the graphic symbol of Francis Dolarhyde in his 1981 novel Red Dragon is partially based on the then-unidentified BTK Killer.[83]
- Episode 4 of Season 6 (2004) of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit is based on this case.[84]
- Episode xv of Season i (2006) of Criminal Minds is based on Rader's murders.[85] [86]
- Rader'south case is portrayed in Episode 1 of Season 2 (2022) on the Netflix series Catching Killers.[87]
- A graphic symbol based on Rader played by actor Sonny Valicenti appears in the Netflix serial Mindhunter.[88] [89]
- Kane Hodder Portrays Rader in the 2008 movie B.T.Chiliad., the picture is a half biopic and half fictionalized business relationship of the murders.[90]
- The assassin from the movie The Clovehitch Killer was inspired past Dennis Rader[91]
- Thrash metallic band Exodus wrote a song entitled "BTK", which was inspired by Dennis Rader's crime history [92]
Run into also [edit]
- I Survived BTK
- List of serial killers in the United States
- Listing of series killers past number of victims
References [edit]
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- ^ Bauer, Craig P. (March 25, 2013). Hole-and-corner History: The Story of Cryptology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Printing. p. 17. ISBN978-one-4665-6186-1. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
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- ^ Ramsland, pg. 39
- ^ "Who is Dennis Rader aka the BTK serial killer?". Wichita Eagle. Wichita, Kansas: McClatchy. Feb two, 2019. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August viii, 2019.
- ^ Douglas, John (2008). Inside the Mind of BTK. Wiley. p. 130. ISBN9780470325155.
Dennis Lynn Rader was born simply outside the tiny boondocks of Columbus, Kansas, on March 9, 1945 ...
- ^ Ramsland, Katherine M. (2016). Confession of a Series Killer. University Press of New England. p. 36. ISBN9781611689730.
- ^ Minutaglio, Rose (Baronial 30, 2018). "The BTK Killer Brutally Murdered 10 People. In Chilling New Audio, He Explains Why". Esquire . Retrieved June 27, 2021.
Rader was born on March 9, 1945 in the tiny town of Pittsburg, Kansas.
- ^ a b "BTK serial killer Dennis Rader said 'a demon within me' made him murder". Play tricks News. New York City: News Corp. September iv, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via news.au.com.
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- ^ a b Wenzl, Roy; Potter, Tim; Laviana, Hurst; Kelly, L. (May 27, 2008). Bind, Torture, Impale: The Inside Story of BTK, the Serial Killer Side by side Door. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-137395-4. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July eleven, 2014.
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The trait served Rader well in his next chore, as a compliance officer for Park City, a Wichita suburb—just his nit-picking won him few friends.
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For most people, emotional words and scenes atomic number 82 to heightened activeness in the amygdala as the emotional sense of the state of affairs overcomes them, often shutting down college functions. For psychopaths, the amygdala responds less powerfully to the same items and when it does reply it does then in stride with higher cortical activity. The cortex is the brain area associated with rational thought and interpretive functions. So, psychopaths presented with an emotional stimulus have to retrieve about its pregnant and rationally make sense of it in guild to parse their response. They practice not feel the effects of others' fear, sadness, or pain, so they have to work to translate their surroundings.
This characteristic appears clearly in the allocution of Dennis Rader, the BTK Killer. Continuing in court before the judge, the victims' families, and the assembled press, Rader listened as the judge read out the details of his offenses. Without blinking an eye, Rader stopped the judge at several junctures to correct some minor detail. Unmoved by the enormity of his crimes or the responses of the people gathered there, Rader makes most casual responses to the facts in the case; at one point making mouth noises as he sought a precise fact. This is a homo who cannot fifty-fifty begin to appreciate the impact he had on others. - ^ Coates, Sam (August xix, 2005). "Rader Gets 175 Years For BTK Slayings". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: Washington Post Company. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved Feb 20, 2009.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Lyrics for BTK by Exodus". Songfacts. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
Further reading [edit]
- Beattie, Robert. Nightmare in Wichita: The Chase for the BTK Strangler. New American Library, 2005. ISBN 0-451-21738-i.
- Davis, Jeffrey One thousand. The Shadow of Evil: Where Is God in a Violent Globe?. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 0-7872-1981-nine. (Davis is the son of BTK victim Dolores Davis.)
- Douglas, John East. Inside the Mind of BTK: The True Story Backside Thirty Years of Hunting for the Wichita Serial Killer. Jossey Bass Wiley, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7879-8484-7.
- Ramsland, Katherine. Confession of a Serial Killer: The Untold Story of Dennis Rader, the BTK Killer. Foredge, 2016. ISBN 978-i-5126-0152-7.
- Rawson, Kerri. A Serial Killer's Daughter: My Story of Faith, Honey, and Overcoming. Thomas Nelson, 2019. ISBN 978-1400201754.
- Singular, Stephen. Unholy Messenger: The Life and Crimes of the BTK Series Killer. Scribner Book Company, 2006. ISBN 1-4001-5252-half dozen.
- Smith, Carlton. The BTK Murders: Inside the "Bind Torture Kill" Case that Terrified America's Heartland. St. Martin'southward True Crime, 2006. ISBN 0-312-93905-1.
- Wenzl, Roy; Potter, Tim; Laviana, Hurst; Kelly, L. Bind, Torture, Kill: The Inside Story of the Serial Killer Side by side Door. HC an imprint of HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 978-0-06-124650-0.
- Welch, Larry. Across Cold Blood: The KBI from Ma Barker to BTK. Academy Press of Kansas, 2012. ISBN 978-0-7006-1885-9.
External links [edit]
- Kansas Prison Inmate Database – Kansas Department of Corrections
- Rader, Dennis L (KDOC# 83707) – electric current status is incarcerated
- B.T.Yard. – The Worlds Nearly Elusive Series Killer
- Sedgwick County 18th Judicial District collection of legal documents on the Rader case
- The Wichita Eagle Collection of articles and videos virtually BTK
- KAKE Collection of articles and videos on BTK
- Dennis Rader's listing on the Kansas Department of Corrections Kansas Adult Supervised Population Electronic Repository site, including current location and disciplinary actions.
- "Finding BTK" Investigation Discovery
- When your father is the BTK series killer, forgiveness is not tidy
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rader
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